InfoPath 2010 - newly promoted columns not showing up

First read Clay Cobb's answer, then read my small addition below:

Clay's Answer:

Ribbon > Open in Windows Explorer
Watch the icons slowly appear, and when they all appear, click Page Down, and wait again. Do this until you get to the bottom, then close the window and re-open the form library. For any stragglers, just open them individually and re-submit.
Be careful if you ever use Re-link, because that will trigger any workflows set to run on Edit.

My Small Addition:

After you open in Windows Explorer, change the Windows Explorer view to List as to maximize the number of files in the view.